In dialogue with the Ukrainian front. The rise of new defence: how Ukraine is redefining modern warfare

The evolution of Ukraine’s unmanned warfare demonstrates a fundamental shift in how modern defence is organised. From early improvisation in 2022 to the integrated drone battalions of 2025, warfare has been reshaped at an unprecedented pace. The experiences of frontline operators, represented here by the codenames Kharon and Lumi, reflect this transformation.

2022: Early transparency and emerging pressures

In early 2022, small quadcopters provided observation support and fire guidance. Operators faced moments where even the slightest reaction could reveal their position, and drones compelled decisions unlike any they had encountered before.

That was the sort of decision-making drones imposed on us even then, says Kharon

2023: Systems that transform how units move and fight

By late 2023, FPV drones and training infrastructures had been adopted by the armed forces.

FPVs became widespread, and they transformed how units moved, trained, and fought, says Lumi

Maritime drones also changed the situation in the Black Sea. Battlefield transparency improved and the war became more static as both sides adapted.

2024: New structures for a new form of warfare

In 2024, Ukraine expanded from merely drone companies to full drone battalions. Electronic warfare grew more intense. Fibre optic drones appeared during major operations such as Kursk. Development cycles shortened to months and structures were adjusted to match the scale of deployment.

2025: Integrated unmanned forces

By 2025, Ukraine’s unmanned forces are expected to operate as advanced, highly integrated systems. A fifteen to twenty-kilometre kill zone now restricts mechanised movement. Russia has established its own unmanned division, which contributes to escalation.

The emerging shape of new defence

Across this progression, several realities shape a new defence environment. Battlefield transparency is nearly complete. Electronic warfare is vital for survival. Units are organised around unmanned capabilities. Interceptor systems continue to expand. Testing occurs under conditions where every failure involves direct human risk.

This is how defence is being redefined. Systems must integrate quickly, operate reliably, and remain cost-effective, or they will not be adopted. Frontline experiences are vital for shaping the technologies that may define future conflicts.

The editorial team has verified the identities of the individuals interviewed. Their names have been changed to ensure their safety. These articles are based on discussions with multiple operators, represented here by Kharon and Lumi.