What the frontline really needs: lessons from Ukraine’s unmanned war

For over two and a half years, Ukraine has experienced a rapid evolution in unmanned warfare. What started in early 2022 as improvised aerial observation has developed into one of the fastest-advancing military ecosystems in modern history. Insights from frontline operators, represented here by the codenames Kharon and Lumi, reveal how specific battlefield needs influence every aspect of this transformation.

Ukraine has become the world’s most challenging testing environment for unmanned systems. Logistics are strained, resources are scarce, and failures have direct human consequences.

We accept even immature systems because we need every possible advantage. But testing is not a game. If equipment breaks or does not integrate, it is not just a technical issue. It can cost a life. That is the reality, says Kharon.

The emerging frontline needs

Several consistent themes appear across our discussions.

Scale and specialisation.

What began as small FPV companies has expanded into large formations with dedicated teams for deep strike, bombing, reconnaissance, and interception.

Electronic warfare is a requirement for survival.

Every capable battalion depends on jamming equipment, and even infantry in static positions rely on it.

Without EW, you do not survive. But even with it, you need layers, jamming, counter-jamming, interceptors, optics, and fibre. Everything evolves constantly, says lumi.

Fibre optic systems.

These drones expanded rapidly during major operations like Kursk in response to heightened electronic warfare.

Escalation through mass.

Interceptor capabilities and drone battalions continue to expand, with some brigades now operating up to seven dedicated drone units.

Why companies must listen

For organisations developing defence technologies, the message is clear. Grasping frontline needs is vital for creating systems that will actually be utilised. In the Ukrainian environment, relevance, reliability, and integration are key to survival.

The editorial team has verified the identities of the individuals interviewed. Their names have been changed to protect their safety. These articles are based on discussions with multiple operators represented here by Kharon and Lumi.